学习目标Learning Objectives - Note
第3周:Lagrange 与 Hermite 插值Week 3 - Lagrange and Hermite Interpolation
第3周将插值从“仅函数值约束”推进到“函数值+导数约束”。Bilingual notes on interpolation bases and derivative constraints.
第3周将插值从“仅函数值约束”推进到“函数值+导数约束”。
Week 3 develops interpolation from value-only constraints to value-plus-derivative constraints.
学习目标
Learning Objectives
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Construct interpolation polynomials in Newton and Lagrange forms.
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分别用牛顿形式和 Lagrange 形式构造插值多项式。
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Build and use Lagrange basis functions for linear and quadratic interpolation.
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构造并使用线性、二次插值的 Lagrange 基函数。
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Formulate Hermite interpolation conditions with repeated nodes.
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用重节点思想建立 Hermite 插值条件。
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从混合约束 与 出发求解实际插值问题。
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Solve practical interpolation problems from mixed constraints and .
关键概念
Key Concepts
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Lagrange basis satisfies cardinal conditions: .
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Lagrange 基函数满足基数条件:。
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Newton and Lagrange forms represent the same unique interpolation polynomial.
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牛顿形式与 Lagrange 形式表示同一个唯一插值多项式。
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Hermite interpolation imposes value and derivative matching at selected nodes.
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Hermite 插值在指定节点同时匹配函数值与导数。
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次多项式插值由 个独立约束唯一确定。
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For degree- polynomial interpolation, independent constraints determine uniqueness.
定义与公式
Definitions and Formulas
Lagrange basis:
Lagrange 基函数:
.
插值多项式:
Interpolation polynomial:
.
Hermite setting at two nodes : match .
两节点 Hermite 情形:匹配 。
A practical Hermite-Newton template from lecture:
课堂中的实用 Hermite-Newton 模板:
.
推导
Derivations
Lagrange Basis for Two Points
两点情形的 Lagrange 基函数
对节点 ,要求 、。
For nodes , impose , .
Hence and .
因此 ,。
Quadratic Lagrange Basis at Three Points
三点二次 Lagrange 基函数
对节点 ,每个 是二次函数并在其余两点处为零。
For nodes , each is degree 2 and vanishes at the other two nodes.
由此直接得到乘积表达式与插值求和式。
This directly yields the product form and interpolation sum.
Hermite Decomposition Idea
Hermite 分解思想
先构造满足初始值与导数约束的简化模型 。
Construct a simpler model satisfying initial value and derivative constraints.
定义余项 ,并施加重零点条件如 。
Define gap and force repeated zeros such as .
由因式分解得到 形式,从而确定高阶系数。
Then factorization gives terms like , which determines higher coefficients.
例题精讲
Worked Examples
Example Block 1: Lagrange Linear Interpolation 例题模块1:Lagrange 线性插值
Given , .
给定 、。
, .
So .
故 。
例题模块2:点 的二次插值
Example Block 2: Quadratic Interpolation at
用标准乘积公式构造 。
Build with the standard product formula.
Then .
于是 。
Example Block 3: Hermite with , , 例题模块3: 的 Hermite 问题
先取 。
Start with .
因余项在 处有二重零点,设 。
Let because gap has double zero at .
Use : , so .
由 得 ,故 。
Hence .
因此 。
误差(Error)分析
Error Analysis
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当节点分布不佳或过近时,插值敏感性会增大。
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Interpolation sensitivity grows when nodes are badly distributed or too close.
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高阶模型虽然可能降低插值残差,但也可能放大舍入误差(Error)。
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Higher-order models can amplify rounding errors despite smaller interpolation residuals.
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Hermite conditions improve local shape matching but increase algebraic complexity.
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Hermite 约束改善局部形状匹配,但会增加代数复杂度。
常见错误
Common Mistakes
警示模块
Warning Block
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Forgetting denominator terms in Lagrange basis.
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遗漏 Lagrange 基函数分母项。
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在牛顿差商(Divided Difference)中混淆节点顺序。
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Mixing node order in Newton divided differences.
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Not enforcing derivative constraints exactly in Hermite construction.
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在 Hermite 构造中未严格满足导数约束。
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过早使用过多小数近似。
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Using too many decimal approximations too early.
总结
Summary
总结模块
Summary Block
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第3周统一了插值视角,并引入了带导数约束的拟合。
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Week 3 unified interpolation viewpoints and introduced derivative-aware fitting.
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Lagrange gives a direct basis form, while Newton form is efficient for incremental updates.
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Lagrange 形式直观,牛顿形式便于增量更新。
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Hermite interpolation extends approximation quality by encoding slope information.
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Hermite 插值通过编码斜率信息提升了逼近质量。
练习题
Practice Questions
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Construct the quadratic polynomial through in both Newton and Lagrange forms.
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分别用牛顿形式和 Lagrange 形式构造经过 的二次多项式。
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求满足 且 的三次多项式。
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Find the cubic satisfying and .
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Solve a Hermite problem with , , , .
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求解满足 、、、 的 Hermite 插值问题。